Math
1+1
2
1+1 == 2
true
2 sqrt
1.414214
Variables
a := 1
1
a
1
b := 2 * 3
6
a + b
7
Conditions
a := 2
(a == 1) ifTrue("a is one" println) ifFalse("a is not one" println)
a is not one
if(a == 1, writeln("a is one"), writeln("a is not one"))
a is not one
Lists
d := List clone append(30, 10, 5, 20)
list(30, 10, 5, 20)
d size
4
d print
list(30, 10, 5, 20)
d := d sort
list(5, 10, 20, 30)
d first
5
d last
30
d at(2)
20
d remove(30)
list(5, 10, 20)
d atPut(1, 123)
list(5, 123, 20)
list(30, 10, 5, 20) select(>10)
list(30, 20)
list(30, 10, 5, 20) detect(>10)
30
list(30, 10, 5, 20) map(*2)
list(60, 20, 10, 40)
list(30, 10, 5, 20) map(v, v*2)
list(60, 20, 10, 40)
Loops
for(i, 1, 10, write(i, " "))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d foreach(i, v, writeln(i, ": ", v))
0: 5
1: 123
2: 20
list("abc", "def", "ghi") foreach(println)
abc
def
ghi
Dictionaries
dict := Map clone
dict atPut("hello", "a greeting")
dict atPut("goodbye", "a parting")
dict hasKey("hello")
true
dict hasValue("a greeting")
true
dict at("hello")
a greeting
dict keys
list("hello", "goodbye")
dict foreach(k, v, (k .. ":" .. v) println)
hello: a greeting
goodbye: a parting
Strings
a := "foo"
"foo"
b := "bar"
"bar"
c := a .. b
"foobar"
c at(0)
102
c at(0) asCharacter
"f"
s := "this is a test"
"this is a test"
words := s split(" ", "\t")
list(this, is, a, test)
words join(" ")
this is a test
s findSeq("is")
2
s findSeq("test")
10
s slice(10)
"test"
s slice(2, 10)
"is is a "
Objects
Contact := Object clone
Contact_0x7fad4365a640:
type = "Contact"
Contact type
Contact
Contact proto type
Object
Contact name ::= nil
nil
Contact address ::= nil
nil
Contact city ::= nil
nil
holmes := Contact clone setName("Holmes") setAddress("221B Baker St") setCity("London")
Contact_0x7fad4365a640
type = "Contact"
name = "Holmes"
address = "221B Baker St"
city = "London"
holmes slotNames
list("type", "name", "address", "city")
Contact fullAddress := method(list(name, address, city) join("\n"))
method(
list(name, address, city) join("\n")
)
holmes fullAddress
"Holmes
221B Baker St
London"
holmes getSlot("fullAddress")
method(
list(name, address, city) join("\n")
)
Defining Objects with the do() method
Contact := Object clone do(
name ::= nil
address ::= nil
city ::= nil
fullAddress := method(list(name, address, city) join("\n"))
)
Inheritance
BusinessContact := Contact clone do(
companyName ::= ""
fullAddress := method(
list(companyName, "Care of: " .. name, address, city) join("\n")
)
)
steve := BusinessContact clone do(
setName("Steve")
setCompanyName("Apple Inc.")
setAddress("1 Infinite Loop")
setCity("Cupertino")
)
steve fullAddress
Apple Inc.
Care of: Steve Jobs
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino
Lazy Evaluation
assert := method(
call sender doMessage(call message argAt(0)) ifFalse(
Exception raise("failed assertion: " .. call message asString)
)
)
assert(1 == 3)
Exception: failed assertion: assert(1 ==(3))
---------
Exception raise Command Line 1
Object assert Command Line 1
Introspection
Address := Object clone do(
fields ::= list("name", "street", "city", "state", "zipCode")
init := method(
fields foreach(key,
if (self hasSlot(key) not,
self newSlot(key, nil)
)
)
)
emptyFields := method(
fields select(k, self getSlot(k) == nil)
)
isValid := method(errors size == 0)
assertValid := method(
if (emptyFields size,
Exception raise(
self type .. " missing: " .. emptyFields join(", ")
)
)
)
)
anAddress := Address clone setName("Alan") setStreet("6502 Mem Ln")
anAddress assertValid
Exception: Address missing: city, state, zipCode
---------
Exception raise test.io 19
Address assertValid test.io 25
CLI doFile Z_CLI.io 140
CLI run IoState_runCLI() 1
Exceptions
e := try(
anAddress assertValid
)
e catch(Exception,
writeln("Caught: ", e error, "\nstack:\n", e coroutine backTraceString)
)
Caught: Address missing: state, zipCode
stack:
Exception: Address missing: state, zipCode
---------
Exception raise test.io 19
Address assertValid test.io 28
Namespace
Lobby slotNames
list(set_, Protos, Lobby, _, exit, forward)
Lobby Protos slotNames
list(Core, Addons)
Lobby protos Core slotNames
list(Duration, Number, Eol, Coroutine, Sequence, DynLib, Normal, Notifier, ImmutableSequence, Collector, Debugger, Directory, CFunction, Block, vector, WeakLink, nil, false, CLI, Compiler, RunnerMixIn, Continue, File, TestSuite, Future, DirectoryCollector, Scheduler, UnitTest, FileCollector, FutureProxy, Date, true, Map, Break, List, AddonLoader, Call, String, Sandbox, Importer, Exception, DummyLine, Locals, Error, TestRunner, Profiler, Object, System, Path, Addon, SerializationStream, Return, OperatorTable, Vector, Message)
Lobby protos Core Date slotNames
list(zone, -=, month, fromNumber, asSerialization, secondsToRun, +, print, isValidTime, setGmtOffset, fromSerialization, fromString, setDay, now, asJson, clock, timeStampString, setToUTC, asNumberString, setSecond, second, minute, format, year, convertToLocal, today, -, setYear, setMinute, hour, +=, asString, asAtomDate, secondsSinceNow, isDaylightSavingsTime, justSerialized, secondsSince, isDST, cpuSecondsToRun, gmtOffsetSeconds, asNumber, copy, isPast, gmtOffset, setHour, isToday, convertToUTC, convertToZone, setMonth, day)
Code as data
m := method(a(b) + c)
method(
a(b) + c
)
getSlot("m") message
a(b) +(c)
getSlot("m") message next
+(c)
getSlot("m") message name
a
getSlot("m") message setName("foo")
foo(b) +(c)
getSlot("m") message name
foo
getSlot("m") message arguments
list(b)
Message slotNames
list(name, lastBeforeEndOfLine, removeCachedResult, union, fromString, asMessageWithEvaluatedArgs, appendArg, argAt, argCount, clone, setCharacterNumber, isEndOfLine, label, code, setLineNumber, lineNumber, codeOfLength, doInContext, cachedResult, previous, asStackEntry, setLabel, setArguments, appendCachedArg, setCachedResult, asString, arguments, hasCachedResult, description, nextIgnoreEndOfLines, last, setName, setNext, opShuffle, asSimpleString, OperatorTable, argsEvaluatedIn, next, opShuffleC, characterNumber)